Gold and Silver Pennies Chemistry Project

All you need are a couple of common chemicals to turn your normal copper-colored pennies (or another mainly-copper object) from copper to silver and then to gold. No, the coins wont really be silver or gold. The actual metal involved is zinc. This project is easy to do. While I dont recommend it for very young kids, Id consider it appropriate for kids ages third grade and older, with adult supervision. Materials Needed for this Project clean pennies zinc metal (preferably powder) sodium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solutiontweezers or tongscontainer of water source of heat/flame Note: Supposedly you can substitute galvanized nails for the zinc and Dranoâ„ ¢ for the sodium hydroxide, but I was unable to get this project to work using nails and drain cleaner. How to Make Silver Pennies Pour a spoonful of zinc (1-2 grams) into a small beaker or evaporating dish containing water.Add a small quantity of sodium hydroxide.Alternatively, you could add zinc to a 3M NaOH solution.Heat the mixture to near-boiling, then remove it from heat.Add clean pennies to the solution, spacing them so that they are not touching each other.Wait 5-10 minutes for them to turn silver, then use tongs to remove the pennies from the solution.Rinse the pennies in water, then set them on a towel to dry.You can examine the pennies once you have rinsed them. This chemical reaction plates the copper in the penny with zinc. This is called galvanization. The zinc reacts with the hot sodium hydroxide solution to form soluble sodium zincate, Na2ZnO2, which is converted to metallic zinc when it touches the surface of the penny. How to Make the Silver Pennies turn Gold Grasp a silver penny with tongs.Gently heat the penny in the outer (cool) part of a burner flame or with a lighter or candle (or even set it on a hotplate).Remove the penny from heat as soon as it changes color.Rinse the gold penny under water to cool it. Heating the penny fuses the zinc and copper to form an alloy called brass. Brass is a homogeneous metal that varies from 60-82% Cu and from 18-40% Zn. Brass has a relatively low melting point, so the coating can be destroyed by heating the penny for too long. Safety Information Please use proper safety precautions. Sodium hydroxide is caustic. I recommend conducting this project under a fume hood or outdoors. Wear gloves and protective eyewear to prevent getting splashed by the sodium hydroxide solution.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar II - 1377 Words

In this paper I will provide an overview of bipolar II disorder, a personal case history, and treatment plans using solution-focused therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy to treat a client with bipolar II diagnosis. Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar II disorder is primarily characterized by states of hypomania and depression, which often impair a person’s ability to function in a social, work, or familial setting. Depression is more often an impairment than hypomania, and is frequently the reason a person might seek counseling. Earlier renditions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) considered bipolar II disorder a lighter form of bipolar I disorder, noting that mania can†¦show more content†¦133). Individuals with hypomania may truly enjoy the sensations of increased aptitude and regret hypomania’s departure. Parker (2015) suggested that individuals experience hypomania as an enhanced state versus impaired (p. 112). Rarely will a counselor see a client in his or her hypomanic state. Depression is relentless and chronic for individuals diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Parker (2015) stressed that the depression associated with bipolar II disorder is anything but mild, which makes bipolar II disorder not a lighter form of bipolar I disorder, but equally serious (p. 113). Although the DSM criteria for bipolar I and bipolar II depression is exactly the same, the depression associated with bipolar II disorder is often more chronic (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 36) and has a higher risk of suicide (Parker, 2015, p. 118) than bipolar I disorder. American Psychiatric Association (2013) claimed that increased suicide attempts can be attributed to impulsivity (p. 136). Additionally, depression can and does impair the individual. Roberts, Sylvia, and Reilly-Harrington (2013) acknowledged that individuals diagnosed with bipolar II disorder will be chronically gripped by a rise and fall of depression throughout their life (p. 43). Depression in a client with bipolar II disorder will often be melancholic with the inability to complete tasks or enjoy interpersonal interactions. Bipolar II depression can include states of

Harvey Wasserman free essay sample

Robber Baron is a harsh critic of not only legendary titans in the American business history, but also of the politics and politicians of the Gilded Age. In his monograph, the images of robber barons, corrupt politicians and laissez-fairer government is conjured in the era wherein many important sectors of the American economy were dominated by a handful of firms as cut-throat business competition were compounded by frequent economic contractions that gripped the nation. Wassermann accused the captains Of industry Of financial trickery and Of political corruption with the ribbing of legislatures, and attacking them for the inhumane treatment of labor which included the imposition of heavy hours, unhealthy working conditions and using cheap immigrant labor to undercut wage rates. But above all, Wassermann condemned them as merciless monopolists who engaged in ruthless competition by choking off rivals using railroad rebates, controlling raw materials and money supply, and the forced purchase of competing firms. We will write a custom essay sample on Harvey Wasserman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Wassermann, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, and Vanderbilt all had something in common they were all Robber Barons ho monopolize the railroad, petroleum, banking, and steel industries, profiting massively and gaining personally, but not doing a whole lot for the common wealth. Many of the schemes and techniques that are used today to rob people of what is rightfully theirs, such as pensions, stocks, and even their jobs, were invented and used often by these four men.Wassermann narrative relentlessly pursue troubling and crippling side effects of the Gilded Age: high levels of political corruption, the arrogance of global economic power, the twisting of the U. S. Ax code, and the voter belief in the captivity of government to private interests. But is it fair to consummate in totality, as per Wassermann, these early industrialists as robber barons and the business practices of the Gilded Age as completely corrupt and pointless?The stereotype is indeed irresistible, especially so that it resonates in our time with the Enron, World and other corporate debacles. But nonetheless, Wassermann critique of capitalism is one-sided and obscures other dimensions of corporate activity and opportunity during the era. Take for instance, the doubling of the number of farms and the amount of land in cultivation during the period, the increased size of the workforce, especially in the manufacturing sector, the increased railroad track mileage and the swelling of steel production all pointed to a surging Gross National Product (GNP).With increased life expectancy, economic data proved that industrialization indeed did raise the standard of living for the majority of Americans during that era. The railroads that became the point of contenti on between business moguls, was the definite symbol of industrialization as it ordered the cost of shipping freight, which in turn permitted the reduction in the prices consumers paid for food and durable items, thus creating the evolution of national markets that stimulated new levels of competition, opportunity and further growth.Although it still remains an endless debate as to the exact preposition that beholds the likes of Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan and Vanderbilt, it IS beyond doubt that corporations, a number of which were owned by these men, were the engines of economic growth. In the 40 years following Phantom, the United States amazed European investors and bankers with the speed at which she changed from a backward agricultural republic to the most powerful industrial force in the world. During the years of the so-called robber barons, America outpaced other nations by large margins when it came to growth in per-capita income, industrial production and rising values generally. Moreover, the Gilded Age also saw economic participation at all levels of society, including numerous previously disenfranchised constituencies. Thus, it is worth noting, Wassermann narrative, along with that of Charles Beard and Matthew Josephs (the original creator of the robber barons dichotomy), needs a further reassessment.From Wassermann narrative, it is easy to reach the conclusion that the post Civil War program providing subsidies to western railroads was a disaster, a way of transferring millions of the peoples wealth to a few politically well- connected plutocrats. Seemingly, it would have been attempted. But when all the dust settled, the United States did have a transcontinental railroad. Without the offer of mammoth government subsidies, such railroad construction would not have h appened for decades.